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gffove

Table of contents
Procedure
Abstract
Required_Reading
Keywords
Declarations
Brief_I/O
Detailed_Input
Detailed_Output
Parameters
Exceptions
Files
Particulars
Examples
Restrictions
Literature_References
Author_and_Institution
Version

Procedure

     GFFOVE ( GF, is target in FOV? )

     SUBROUTINE GFFOVE ( INST,    TSHAPE,  RAYDIR,
    .                    TARGET,  TFRAME,  ABCORR,  OBSRVR,  TOL,
    .                    UDSTEP,  UDREFN,  RPT,     UDREPI,  UDREPU,
    .                    UDREPF,  BAIL,    UDBAIL,  CNFINE,  RESULT )

Abstract

     Determine time intervals when a specified target body or ray
     intersects the space bounded by the field-of-view (FOV) of a
     specified instrument. Report progress and handle interrupts if so
     commanded.

Required_Reading

     CK
     FRAMES
     GF
     KERNEL
     NAIF_IDS
     PCK
     SPK
     TIME
     WINDOWS

Keywords

     EVENT
     FOV
     GEOMETRY
     INSTRUMENT
     SEARCH
     WINDOW

Declarations

     IMPLICIT NONE

     INCLUDE 'gf.inc'

     INTEGER               LBCELL
     PARAMETER           ( LBCELL = -5 )

     CHARACTER*(*)         INST
     CHARACTER*(*)         TSHAPE
     DOUBLE PRECISION      RAYDIR ( 3 )
     CHARACTER*(*)         TARGET
     CHARACTER*(*)         TFRAME
     CHARACTER*(*)         ABCORR
     CHARACTER*(*)         OBSRVR
     DOUBLE PRECISION      TOL
     EXTERNAL              UDSTEP
     EXTERNAL              UDREFN
     LOGICAL               RPT
     EXTERNAL              UDREPI
     EXTERNAL              UDREPU
     EXTERNAL              UDREPF
     LOGICAL               BAIL
     LOGICAL               UDBAIL
     EXTERNAL              UDBAIL
     DOUBLE PRECISION      CNFINE ( LBCELL : * )
     DOUBLE PRECISION      RESULT ( LBCELL : * )

Brief_I/O

     VARIABLE  I/O  DESCRIPTION
     --------  ---  --------------------------------------------------
     LBCELL     P   SPICE Cell lower bound.
     MAXVRT     P   Maximum number of FOV boundary vertices.
     INST       I   Name of the instrument.
     TSHAPE     I   Type of shape model used for target body.
     RAYDIR     I   Ray's direction vector.
     TARGET     I   Name of the target body.
     TFRAME     I   Body-fixed, body-centered frame for target body.
     ABCORR     I   Aberration correction flag.
     OBSRVR     I   Name of the observing body.
     TOL        I   Convergence tolerance in seconds.
     UDSTEP     I   Name of routine that returns a time step.
     UDREFN     I   Name of the routine that computes a refined time.
     RPT        I   Progress report flag.
     UDREPI     I   Function that initializes progress reporting.
     UDREPU     I   Function that updates the progress report.
     UDREPF     I   Function that finalizes progress reporting.
     BAIL       I   Logical indicating program interrupt monitoring.
     UDBAIL     I   Name of a routine that signals a program interrupt.
     CNFINE     I   SPICE window to which the search is restricted.
     RESULT    I-O  SPICE window containing results.

Detailed_Input

     INST     is a string indicates the name of an instrument, such as
              a spacecraft-mounted framing camera, the field of view
              (FOV) of which is to be used for a target intersection
              search: times when the specified target intersects the
              region of space corresponding to the FOV are sought.

              INST must have a corresponding NAIF ID and a frame
              defined, as is normally done in a frame kernel. It must
              also have an associated reference frame and a FOV shape,
              boresight and boundary vertices (or reference vector and
              reference angles) defined, as is usually done in an
              instrument kernel.

              See the header of the SPICELIB routine GETFOV for a
              description of the required parameters associated with an
              instrument.

     TSHAPE   is a string indicating the geometric model used to
              represent the location and shape of the target body. The
              target body may be represented by either an ephemeris
              object or a ray emanating from the observer.

              The supported values of TSHAPE are:

                 'ELLIPSOID'     The target is an ephemeris object.

                                 The target's shape is represented
                                 using triaxial ellipsoid model,
                                 with radius values provided via the
                                 kernel pool. A kernel variable
                                 having a name of the form

                                    'BODYnnn_RADII'

                                 where nnn represents the NAIF
                                 integer code associated with the
                                 body, must be present in the kernel
                                 pool. This variable must be
                                 associated with three numeric
                                 values giving the lengths of the
                                 ellipsoid's X, Y, and Z semi-axes.

                 'POINT'         The target is an ephemeris object.
                                 The body is treated as a single
                                 point.

                 'RAY'           The target is NOT an ephemeris
                                 object. Instead, the target is
                                 represented by the ray emanating
                                 from the observer's location and
                                 having direction vector RAYDIR. The
                                 target is considered to be visible
                                 if and only if the ray is contained
                                 within the space bounded by the
                                 instrument FOV.

              Case and leading or trailing blanks are not
              significant in the string TSHAPE.

     RAYDIR   is the direction vector associated with a ray
              representing the target. RAYDIR is used if and only if
              TSHAPE (see description above) indicates the target is
              modeled as a ray.

     TARGET   is the name of the target body, the appearances of which
              in the specified instrument's field of view are sought.
              The body must be an ephemeris object.

              Optionally, you may supply the integer NAIF ID code for
              the body as a string. For example both 'MOON' and '301'
              are legitimate strings that designate the Moon.

              Case and leading or trailing blanks are not significant
              in the string TARGET.

              The input argument TARGET is used if and only if the
              target is NOT modeled as ray, as indicated by the input
              argument TSHAPE.

              TARGET may be set to a blank string if the target is
              modeled as a ray.

     TFRAME   is the name of the reference frame associated with the
              target. Examples of such names are 'IAU_SATURN' (for
              Saturn) and 'ITRF93' (for the Earth).

              If the target is an ephemeris object modeled as an
              ellipsoid, TFRAME must designate a body-fixed reference
              frame centered on the target body.

              If the target is an ephemeris object modeled as a point,
              TFRAME is ignored; TFRAME should be left blank.

              If the target is modeled as a ray, TFRAME may designate
              any reference frame. Since light time corrections are not
              supported for rays, the orientation of the frame is
              always evaluated at the epoch associated with the
              observer, as opposed to the epoch associated with the
              light-time corrected position of the frame center.

              Case and leading or trailing blanks bracketing a
              non-blank frame name are not significant in the string
              TFRAME.

     ABCORR   is a string indicating the aberration corrections to be
              applied when computing the target's position and
              orientation. The supported values of ABCORR depend on the
              target representation.

              If the target is represented by a ray, the aberration
              correction options are

                 'NONE'       No correction.
                 'S'          Stellar aberration correction, reception
                              case.
                 'XS'         Stellar aberration correction,
                              transmission case.

              If the target is an ephemeris object, the aberration
              correction options are those supported by the SPICE SPK
              system. For remote sensing applications, where the
              apparent position and orientation of the target seen by
              the observer are desired, normally either of the
              corrections

                 'LT+S'
                 'CN+S'

              should be used. These and the other supported options are
              described below.

              Supported aberration correction options for observation
              (the case where radiation is received by observer at ET)
              are:

                 'NONE'       No correction.
                 'LT'         Light time only
                 'LT+S'       Light time and stellar aberration.
                 'CN'         Converged Newtonian (CN) light time.
                 'CN+S'       CN light time and stellar aberration.

              Supported aberration correction options for transmission
              (the case where radiation is emitted from observer at ET)
              are:

                 'XLT'        Light time only.
                 'XLT+S'      Light time and stellar aberration.
                 'XCN'        Converged Newtonian (CN) light time.
                 'XCN+S'      CN light time and stellar aberration.

              For detailed information, see the geometry finder
              required reading, gf.req.

              Case, leading and trailing blanks are not significant
              in the string ABCORR.

     OBSRVR   is the name of the body from which the target is
              observed. The instrument designated by INST is treated as
              if it were co-located with the observer.

              Optionally, you may supply the integer NAIF ID code
              for the body as a string.

              Case and leading or trailing blanks are not
              significant in the string OBSRVR.

     TOL      is a tolerance value used to determine convergence of
              root-finding operations. TOL is measured in TDB seconds
              and must be greater than zero.

     UDSTEP   is an externally specified routine that computes a time
              step used to find transitions of the state being
              considered. A state transition occurs where the state
              changes from being "visible" to being "not visible" or
              vice versa.

              This routine relies on UDSTEP returning step sizes small
              enough so that state transitions within the confinement
              window are not overlooked.

              The calling sequence for UDSTEP is:

                 CALL UDSTEP ( ET, STEP )

              where:

                 ET      is the input start time from which the
                         algorithm is to search forward for a state
                         transition. ET is expressed as seconds past
                         J2000 TDB. ET is a DOUBLE PRECISION number.

                 STEP    is the output step size. STEP indicates
                         how far to advance ET so that ET and
                         ET+STEP may bracket a state transition and
                         definitely do not bracket more than one
                         state transition. STEP is a DOUBLE
                         PRECISION number. Units are TDB seconds.

              If a constant step size is desired, the SPICELIB routine

                 GFSTEP

              may be used as the step size function. If GFSTEP is used,
              the step size must be set by calling GFSSTP prior to
              calling this routine.

     UDREFN   is the name of the externally specified routine that
              refines the times that bracket a transition point. In
              other words, once a pair of times, T1 and T2, that
              bracket a state transition have been found, UDREFN
              computes an intermediate time T such that either [T1, T]
              or [T, T2] contains the time of the state transition. The
              calling sequence for UDREFN is:

                 CALL UDREFN ( T1, T2, S1, S2, T )

              where the inputs are:

                 T1    is a time when the visibility state is S1. T1
                       is expressed as seconds past J2000 TDB.

                 T2    is a time when the visibility state is S2. T2 is
                       expressed as seconds past J2000 TDB and is
                       assumed to be larger than T1.

                 S1    is the visibility state at time T1. S1 is a
                       LOGICAL value.

                 S2    is the visibility state at time T2. S2 is a
                       LOGICAL value.

              The output is:

                 T     is the next time to check for a state
                       transition. T is expressed as seconds past
                       J2000 TDB and is between T1 and T2.

              If a simple bisection method is desired, the SPICELIB
              routine GFREFN may be used as the refinement function.

     RPT      is a logical variable that controls whether progress
              reporting is enabled. When RPT is .TRUE., progress
              reporting is enabled and the routines UDREPI, UDREPU, and
              UDREPF (see descriptions below) are used to report
              progress.

     UDREPI   is a user-defined subroutine that initializes a progress
              report. When progress reporting is enabled, UDREPI is
              called at the start of a search. The calling sequence of
              UDREPI is

                 UDREPI ( CNFINE, SRCPRE, SRCSUF )

                 DOUBLE PRECISION    CNFINE ( LBCELL : * )
                 CHARACTER*(*)       SRCPRE
                 CHARACTER*(*)       SRCSUF

              where

                 CNFINE

              is the confinement window specifying the time period
              over which a search is conducted, and

                 SRCPRE
                 SRCSUF

              are prefix and suffix strings used in the progress
              report: these strings are intended to bracket a
              representation of the fraction of work done. For example,
              when the SPICELIB progress reporting functions are used,
              if SRCPRE and SRCSUF are, respectively,

                 'Target visibility search'
                 'done.'

              the progress report display at the end of the search will
              be:

                 Target visibility search 100.00% done.

              The SPICELIB routine GFREPI may be used as the actual
              argument corresponding to UDREPI. If so, the SPICELIB
              routines GFREPU and GFREPF must be the actual arguments
              corresponding to UDREPU and UDREPF.

     UDREPU   is a user-defined subroutine that updates the progress
              report for a search. The calling sequence of UDREPU is

                 UDREPU ( IVBEG, IVEND, ET )

                 DOUBLE PRECISION      IVBEG
                 DOUBLE PRECISION      IVEND
                 DOUBLE PRECISION      ET

              Here IVBEG, IVEND are the bounds of an interval that is
              contained in some interval belonging to the confinement
              window. The confinement window is associated with some
              root finding activity. It is used to determine how much
              total time is being searched in order to find the events
              of interest.

              ET is an epoch belonging to the interval [IVBEG, IVEND].

              In order for a meaningful progress report to be
              displayed, IVBEG and IVEND must satisfy the following
              constraints:

              -  IVBEG must be less than or equal to IVEND.

              -  The interval [ IVBEG, IVEND ] must be contained in
                 some interval of the confinement window. It can be
                 a proper subset of the containing interval; that
                 is, it can be smaller than the interval of the
                 confinement window that contains it.

              -  Over a search, the sum of the differences

                    IVEND - IVBEG

                 for all calls to this routine made during the search
                 must equal the measure of the confinement window.

              The SPICELIB routine GFREPU may be used as the actual
              argument corresponding to UDREPU. If so, the SPICELIB
              routines GFREPI and GFREPF must be the actual arguments
              corresponding to UDREPI and UDREPF.

     UDREPF   is a user-defined subroutine that finalizes a progress
              report. UDREPF has no arguments.

              The SPICELIB routine GFREPF may be used as the actual
              argument corresponding to UDREPF. If so, the SPICELIB
              routines GFREPI and GFREPU must be the actual arguments
              corresponding to UDREPI and UDREPU.

     BAIL     is a logical variable indicating whether or not interrupt
              handling is enabled. When BAIL is set to .TRUE., the
              input function UDBAIL (see description below) is used to
              determine whether an interrupt has been issued.

     UDBAIL   is the name of a user defined logical function that
              indicates whether an interrupt signal has been issued
              (for example, from the keyboard).  UDBAIL has no
              arguments and returns a LOGICAL value. The return value
              is .TRUE. if an interrupt has been issued; otherwise the
              value is .FALSE.

              GFFOVE uses UDBAIL only when BAIL (see above) is set to
              .TRUE., indicating that interrupt handling is enabled.
              When interrupt handling is enabled, GFFOVE and routines
              in its call tree will call UDBAIL to determine whether to
              terminate processing and return immediately.

              If interrupt handing is not enabled, a logical function
              must still be passed to GFFOVE as an input argument. The
              SPICELIB function

                 GFBAIL

              may be used for this purpose.

     CNFINE   is a SPICE window that confines the time period over
              which the specified search is conducted. CNFINE may
              consist of a single interval or a collection of
              intervals.

              The endpoints of the time intervals comprising CNFINE
              are interpreted as seconds past J2000 TDB.

              See the $Examples section below for a code example
              that shows how to create a confinement window.

              CNFINE must be initialized by the caller via the
              SPICELIB routine SSIZED.

     RESULT   is a double precision SPICE window which will contain
              the search results. RESULT must be declared and
              initialized with sufficient size to capture the full
              set of time intervals within the search region on which
              the specified condition is satisfied.

              RESULT must be initialized by the caller via the
              SPICELIB routine SSIZED.

              If RESULT is non-empty on input, its contents will be
              discarded before GFFOVE conducts its search.

Detailed_Output

     RESULT   is a SPICE window representing the set of time
              intervals, within the confinement period, when image
              of the target body is partially or completely within
              the specified instrument field of view.

              The endpoints of the time intervals comprising RESULT
              are interpreted as seconds past J2000 TDB.

              If no times within the confinement window satisfy the
              search criteria, RESULT will be returned with a
              cardinality of zero.

Parameters

     LBCELL   is the lower bound for SPICE cell arrays.

     MAXVRT   is the maximum number of vertices that may be used
              to define the boundary of the specified instrument's
              field of view.

     See INCLUDE file gf.inc for declarations and descriptions of
     parameters used throughout the GF system.

Exceptions

     1)  In order for this routine to produce correct results,
         the step size must be appropriate for the problem at hand.
         Step sizes that are too large may cause this routine to miss
         roots; step sizes that are too small may cause this routine
         to run unacceptably slowly and in some cases, find spurious
         roots.

         This routine does not diagnose invalid step sizes, except
         that if the step size is non-positive, an error is signaled by
         a routine in the call tree of this routine.

     2)  Due to numerical errors, in particular,

            - Truncation error in time values
            - Finite tolerance value
            - Errors in computed geometric quantities

         it is *normal* for the condition of interest to not always be
         satisfied near the endpoints of the intervals comprising the
         result window.

         The result window may need to be contracted slightly by the
         caller to achieve desired results. The SPICE window routine
         WNCOND can be used to contract the result window.

     3)  If the name of either the target or observer cannot be
         translated to a NAIF ID code, an error is signaled by
         a routine in the call tree of this routine.

     4)  If the specified aberration correction is not a supported
         value for the target type (ephemeris object or ray), an error
         is signaled by a routine in the call tree of this routine.

     5)  If the radii of a target body modeled as an ellipsoid cannot
         be determined by searching the kernel pool for a kernel
         variable having a name of the form

            'BODYnnn_RADII'

         where nnn represents the NAIF integer code associated with
         the body, an error is signaled by a routine in the
         call tree of this routine.

     6)  If the target body coincides with the observer body OBSRVR, an
         error is signaled by a routine in the call tree of this
         routine.

     7)  If the body model specifier TSHAPE is not recognized, an error
         is signaled by a routine in the call tree of this routine.

     8)  If a target body-fixed reference frame associated with a
         non-point target is not recognized, an error is signaled by a
         routine in the call tree of this routine.

     9)  If a target body-fixed reference frame is not centered at the
         corresponding target body, an error is signaled by a routine
         in the call tree of this routine.

     10) If the instrument name INST does not have corresponding NAIF
         ID code, an error is signaled by a routine in the call
         tree of this routine.

     11) If the FOV parameters of the instrument are not present in
         the kernel pool, an error is signaled by a routine
         in the call tree of this routine.

     12) If the FOV boundary has more than MAXVRT vertices, an error
         is signaled by a routine in the call tree of this
         routine.

     13) If the instrument FOV is polygonal, and this routine cannot
         find a ray R emanating from the FOV vertex such that maximum
         angular separation of R and any FOV boundary vector is within
         the limit (pi/2)-SPICE_GF_MARGIN radians, an error is signaled
         by a routine in the call tree of this routine. If the FOV is
         any other shape, the same error check will be applied with the
         instrument boresight vector serving the role of R.

     14) If the loaded kernels provide insufficient data to compute a
         requested state vector, an error is signaled by a
         routine in the call tree of this routine.

     15) If an error occurs while reading an SPK or other kernel file,
         the error is signaled by a routine in the call tree
         of this routine.

     16) If the output SPICE window RESULT has insufficient capacity
         to contain the number of intervals on which the specified
         visibility condition is met, an error is signaled
         by a routine in the call tree of this routine.

     17) If the result window has size less than 2, the error
         SPICE(WINDOWTOOSMALL) is signaled.

     18) If the convergence tolerance size is non-positive, the error
         SPICE(INVALIDTOLERANCE) is signaled.

     19) If the step size is non-positive, an error is signaled by a
         routine in the call tree of this routine.

     20) If the ray's direction vector is zero, an error is signaled by
         a routine in the call tree of this routine.

     21) If operation of this routine is interrupted, the output result
         window will be invalid.

Files

     Appropriate SPICE ernels must be loaded by the calling program
     before this routine is called.

     The following data are required:

     -  SPK data: ephemeris data for target and observer that
        describes the ephemeris of these objects for the period
        defined by the confinement window, 'CNFINE' must be
        loaded. If aberration corrections are used, the states of
        target and observer relative to the solar system barycenter
        must be calculable from the available ephemeris data.
        Typically ephemeris data are made available by loading one
        or more SPK files via FURNSH.

     -  Frame data: if a frame definition is required to convert
        the observer and target states to the body-fixed frame of
        the target, that definition must be available in the kernel
        pool. Typically the definitions of frames not already
        built-in to SPICE are supplied by loading a frame kernel.

        Data defining the reference frame associated with the
        instrument designated by INST must be available in the kernel
        pool. Additionally the name INST must be associated with an
        ID code. Normally these data are  made available by loading
        a frame kernel via FURNSH.

     -  IK data: the kernel pool must contain data such that
        the SPICELIB routine GETFOV may be called to obtain
        parameters for INST. Normally such data are provided by
        an IK via FURNSH.

     The following data may be required:

     -  PCK data: bodies modeled as triaxial ellipsoids must have
        orientation data provided by variables in the kernel pool.
        Typically these data are made available by loading a text
        PCK file via FURNSH.

        Bodies modeled as triaxial ellipsoids must have semi-axis
        lengths provided by variables in the kernel pool. Typically
        these data are made available by loading a text PCK file via
        FURNSH.

     -  CK data: if the instrument frame is fixed to a spacecraft,
        at least one CK file will be needed to permit transformation
        of vectors between that frame and both J2000 and the target
        body-fixed frame.

     -  SCLK data: if a CK file is needed, an associated SCLK
        kernel is required to enable conversion between encoded SCLK
        (used to time-tag CK data) and barycentric dynamical time
        (TDB).

     -  Since the input ray direction may be expressed in any
        frame, FKs, CKs, SCLK kernels, PCKs, and SPKs may be
        required to map the direction to the J2000 frame.

     Kernel data are normally loaded once per program run, NOT every
     time this routine is called.

Particulars

     This routine determines a set of one or more time intervals
     within the confinement window when a specified ray or any portion
     of a specified target body appears within the field of view of a
     specified instrument. We'll use the term "visibility event" to
     designate such an appearance. The set of time intervals resulting
     from the search is returned as a SPICE window.

     This routine provides the SPICE GF system's most flexible
     interface for searching for FOV intersection events.

     Applications that require do not require support for progress
     reporting, interrupt handling, non-default step or refinement
     functions, or non-default convergence tolerance normally should
     call either GFTFOV or GFRFOV rather than this routine.

     Below we discuss in greater detail aspects of this routine's
     solution process that are relevant to correct and efficient use
     of this routine in user applications.


     The Search Process
     ==================

     The search for visibility events is treated as a search for state
     transitions: times are sought when the state of the target ray or
     body changes from "not visible" to "visible" or vice versa.

     Step Size
     =========

     Each interval of the confinement window is searched as follows:
     first, the input step size is used to determine the time
     separation at which the visibility state will be sampled.
     Starting at the left endpoint of an interval, samples will be
     taken at each step. If a state change is detected, a root has
     been bracketed; at that point, the "root"--the time at which the
     state change occurs---is found by a refinement process, for
     example, via binary search.

     Note that the optimal choice of step size depends on the lengths
     of the intervals over which the visibility state is constant:
     the step size should be shorter than the shortest visibility event
     duration and the shortest period between visibility events, within
     the confinement window.

     Having some knowledge of the relative geometry of the target and
     observer can be a valuable aid in picking a reasonable step size.
     In general, the user can compensate for lack of such knowledge by
     picking a very short step size; the cost is increased computation
     time.

     Note that the step size is not related to the precision with which
     the endpoints of the intervals of the result window are computed.
     That precision level is controlled by the convergence tolerance.


     Convergence Tolerance
     =====================

     The times of state transitions are called ``roots.''

     Once a root has been bracketed, a refinement process is used to
     narrow down the time interval within which the root must lie.
     This refinement process terminates when the location of the root
     has been determined to within an error margin called the
     "convergence tolerance."

     The convergence tolerance used by high-level GF routines that
     call this routine is set via the parameter CNVTOL, which is
     declared in the INCLUDE file gf.inc. The value of CNVTOL is set
     to a "tight" value so that the tolerance doesn't become the
     limiting factor in the accuracy of solutions found by this
     routine. In general the accuracy of input data will be the
     limiting factor.

     Setting the input tolerance TOL tighter than CNVTOL is unlikely
     to be useful, since the results are unlikely to be more accurate.
     Making the tolerance looser will speed up searches somewhat,
     since a few convergence steps will be omitted. However, in most
     cases, the step size is likely to have a much greater effect on
     processing time than would the convergence tolerance.


     The Confinement Window
     ======================

     The simplest use of the confinement window is to specify a time
     interval within which a solution is sought. However, the
     confinement window can, in some cases, be used to make searches
     more efficient. Sometimes it's possible to do an efficient search
     to reduce the size of the time period over which a relatively
     slow search of interest must be performed. For an example, see
     the program CASCADE in the GF Example Programs chapter of the GF
     Required Reading, gf.req.

Examples

     The numerical results shown for these examples may differ across
     platforms. The results depend on the SPICE kernels used as
     input, the compiler and supporting libraries, and the machine
     specific arithmetic implementation.


     1) Search for times when Saturn's satellite Phoebe is within
        the FOV of the Cassini narrow angle camera (CASSINI_ISS_NAC).
        To simplify the problem, restrict the search to a short time
        period where continuous Cassini bus attitude data are
        available.

        Use default SPICELIB progress reporting.

        Use a step size of 1 second to reduce chances of missing
        short visibility events and to make the search slow enough
        so the progress report's updates are visible.

        Use the meta-kernel shown below to load the required SPICE
        kernels.


           KPL/MK

           File name: gffove_ex1.tm

           This meta-kernel is intended to support operation of SPICE
           example programs. The kernels shown here should not be
           assumed to contain adequate or correct versions of data
           required by SPICE-based user applications.

           In order for an application to use this meta-kernel, the
           kernels referenced here must be present in the user's
           current working directory.

           The names and contents of the kernels referenced
           by this meta-kernel are as follows:

              File name                       Contents
              -----------------------------   ----------------------
              naif0012.tls                    Leapseconds
              pck00010.tpc                    Satellite orientation
                                              and radii
              041014R_SCPSE_01066_04199.bsp   CASSINI, planetary and
                                              Saturn satellite
                                              ephemeris
              cas_v40.tf                      Cassini FK
              04161_04164ra.bc                Cassini bus CK
              cas00071.tsc                    Cassini SCLK kernel
              cas_iss_v10.ti                  Cassini IK


           \begindata

              KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( 'naif0012.tls',
                                  'pck00010.tpc',
                                  '041014R_SCPSE_01066_04199.bsp',
                                  'cas_v40.tf',
                                  '04161_04164ra.bc',
                                  'cas00071.tsc',
                                  'cas_iss_v10.ti'            )
           \begintext

           End of meta-kernel


        Example code begins here.


              PROGRAM GFFOVE_EX1
              IMPLICIT NONE

        C
        C     SPICELIB functions
        C
              INTEGER               WNCARD

        C
        C     SPICELIB default functions for
        C
        C        - Interrupt handling (no-op function):   GFBAIL
        C        - Search refinement:                     GFREFN
        C        - Progress report termination:           GFREPF
        C        - Progress report initialization:        GFREPI
        C        - Progress report update:                GFREPU
        C        - Search step size "get" function:       GFSTEP
        C
              EXTERNAL              GFBAIL
              EXTERNAL              GFREFN
              EXTERNAL              GFREPF
              EXTERNAL              GFREPI
              EXTERNAL              GFREPU
              EXTERNAL              GFSTEP

        C
        C     Local parameters
        C
              CHARACTER*(*)         META
              PARAMETER           ( META   = 'gffove_ex1.tm' )

              CHARACTER*(*)         TIMFMT
              PARAMETER           ( TIMFMT =
             .      'YYYY-MON-DD HR:MN:SC.######::TDB' )

              INTEGER               LBCELL
              PARAMETER           ( LBCELL = -5 )

              INTEGER               MAXWIN
              PARAMETER           ( MAXWIN = 10000 )

              INTEGER               CORLEN
              PARAMETER           ( CORLEN = 10 )

              INTEGER               BDNMLN
              PARAMETER           ( BDNMLN = 36 )

              INTEGER               FRNMLN
              PARAMETER           ( FRNMLN = 32 )

              INTEGER               SHPLEN
              PARAMETER           ( SHPLEN = 25 )

              INTEGER               TIMLEN
              PARAMETER           ( TIMLEN = 35 )

              INTEGER               LNSIZE
              PARAMETER           ( LNSIZE = 80 )

        C
        C     Local variables
        C
              CHARACTER*(CORLEN)    ABCORR
              CHARACTER*(BDNMLN)    INST
              CHARACTER*(LNSIZE)    LINE
              CHARACTER*(BDNMLN)    OBSRVR
              CHARACTER*(BDNMLN)    TARGET
              CHARACTER*(FRNMLN)    TFRAME
              CHARACTER*(TIMLEN)    TIMSTR ( 2 )
              CHARACTER*(SHPLEN)    TSHAPE

              DOUBLE PRECISION      CNFINE ( LBCELL : 2 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      ENDPT  ( 2 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      ET0
              DOUBLE PRECISION      ET1
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RAYDIR ( 3 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RESULT ( LBCELL : MAXWIN )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      TOL

              INTEGER               I
              INTEGER               J
              INTEGER               N

              LOGICAL               BAIL
              LOGICAL               RPT

        C
        C     Saved variables
        C
        C     The confinement and result windows CNFINE and RESULT are
        C     saved because this practice helps to prevent stack
        C     overflow.
        C
              SAVE                  CNFINE
              SAVE                  RESULT

        C
        C     Since we're treating the target as an ephemeris object,
        C     the ray direction is unused. We simply initialize the
        C     direction vector to avoid portability problems.
        C
              DATA                  RAYDIR / 3*0.D0 /

        C
        C     Load kernels.
        C
              CALL FURNSH ( META )

        C
        C     Initialize windows.
        C
              CALL SSIZED ( 2,      CNFINE )
              CALL SSIZED ( MAXWIN, RESULT )

        C
        C     Insert search time interval bounds into the
        C     confinement window.
        C
              CALL STR2ET ( '2004 JUN 11 06:30:00 TDB', ET0 )
              CALL STR2ET ( '2004 JUN 11 12:00:00 TDB', ET1 )

              CALL WNINSD ( ET0, ET1, CNFINE )

        C
        C     Initialize inputs for the search.
        C
              INST   = 'CASSINI_ISS_NAC'
              TARGET = 'PHOEBE'
              TSHAPE = 'ELLIPSOID'
              TFRAME = 'IAU_PHOEBE'
              ABCORR = 'LT+S'
              OBSRVR = 'CASSINI'

        C
        C     Use a particularly short step size to make the progress
        C     report's updates visible.
        C
        C     Pass the step size (1 second) to the GF default step
        C     size put/get system.
        C
              CALL GFSSTP ( 1.D0 )

        C
        C     Set the convergence tolerance to 1 microsecond.
        C
              TOL    = 1.D-6

        C
        C     Use progress reporting; turn off interrupt handling.
        C
              RPT  = .TRUE.
              BAIL = .FALSE.

              WRITE (*,*) ' '
              WRITE (*, '(A)' ) 'Instrument: '//INST
              WRITE (*, '(A)' ) 'Target:     '//TARGET

        C
        C     Perform the search.
        C
              CALL GFFOVE ( INST,    TSHAPE,  RAYDIR,
             .              TARGET,  TFRAME,  ABCORR,  OBSRVR,
             .              TOL,     GFSTEP,  GFREFN,  RPT,
             .              GFREPI,  GFREPU,  GFREPF,  BAIL,
             .              GFBAIL,  CNFINE,  RESULT          )

              N = WNCARD( RESULT )

              IF ( N .EQ. 0 ) THEN

                 WRITE (*, '(A)' ) 'No FOV intersection found.'

              ELSE

                 WRITE (*, '(A)' ) '  Visibility start time (TDB)'
             .    //               '           Stop time (TDB)'
                 WRITE (*, '(A)' ) '  ---------------------------'
             .    //               '     ---------------------------'

                 DO I = 1, N

                    CALL WNFETD ( RESULT, I, ENDPT(1), ENDPT(2) )

                    DO J = 1, 2
                       CALL TIMOUT ( ENDPT(J), TIMFMT, TIMSTR(J) )
                    END DO

                    LINE( :3) = ' '
                    LINE(2: ) = TIMSTR(1)
                    LINE(34:) = TIMSTR(2)

                    WRITE (*,*) LINE

                 END DO

              END IF

              WRITE (*,*) ' '
              END


        When this program was executed on a Mac/Intel/gfortran/64-bit
        platform, the output was:


        Instrument: CASSINI_ISS_NAC
        Target:     PHOEBE

        Target visibility search 100.00% done.

          Visibility start time (TDB)           Stop time (TDB)
          ---------------------------     ---------------------------
          2004-JUN-11 07:35:27.066980     2004-JUN-11 08:48:03.954696
          2004-JUN-11 09:02:56.580045     2004-JUN-11 09:35:04.038509
          2004-JUN-11 09:49:56.476397     2004-JUN-11 10:22:04.242879
          2004-JUN-11 10:36:56.283771     2004-JUN-11 11:09:04.397165
          2004-JUN-11 11:23:56.020645     2004-JUN-11 11:56:04.733536


        Note that the progress report has the format shown below:

           Target visibility search   6.02% done.

        The completion percentage was updated approximately once per
        second.

        When the program was interrupted at an arbitrary time,
        the output was:

           Target visibility search  13.63% done.
           Search was interrupted.

        This message was written after an interrupt signal
        was trapped. By default, the program would have terminated
        before this message could be written.

     2) A variation of example (1): search the same confinement
        window for times when a selected background star is visible.
        We use the FOV of the Cassini ISS wide angle camera
        (CASSINI_ISS_WAC) to enhance the probability of viewing the
        star.

        The star we'll use has catalog number 6000 in the Hipparcos
        Catalog. The star's J2000 right ascension and declination,
        proper motion, and parallax are taken from that catalog.

        Use the meta-kernel from the first example.

        Example code begins here.


              PROGRAM GFFOVE_EX2
              IMPLICIT NONE

        C
        C     SPICELIB functions
        C
              DOUBLE PRECISION      J1950
              DOUBLE PRECISION      J2000
              DOUBLE PRECISION      JYEAR
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RPD

              INTEGER               WNCARD

        C
        C     SPICELIB default functions for
        C
        C        - Interrupt handling (no-op function):   GFBAIL
        C        - Search refinement:                     GFREFN
        C        - Progress report termination:           GFREPF
        C        - Progress report initialization:        GFREPI
        C        - Progress report update:                GFREPU
        C        - Search step size "get" function:       GFSTEP
        C
              EXTERNAL              GFBAIL
              EXTERNAL              GFREFN
              EXTERNAL              GFREPF
              EXTERNAL              GFREPI
              EXTERNAL              GFREPU
              EXTERNAL              GFSTEP

        C
        C     Local parameters
        C
              CHARACTER*(*)         META
              PARAMETER           ( META   = 'gffove_ex1.tm' )

              CHARACTER*(*)         TIMFMT
              PARAMETER           ( TIMFMT =
             .      'YYYY-MON-DD HR:MN:SC.######::TDB' )


              DOUBLE PRECISION      AU
              PARAMETER           ( AU     = 149597870.693D0 )

              INTEGER               LBCELL
              PARAMETER           ( LBCELL = -5 )

              INTEGER               MAXWIN
              PARAMETER           ( MAXWIN = 10000 )

              INTEGER               CORLEN
              PARAMETER           ( CORLEN = 10 )

              INTEGER               BDNMLN
              PARAMETER           ( BDNMLN = 36 )

              INTEGER               FRNMLN
              PARAMETER           ( FRNMLN = 32 )

              INTEGER               SHPLEN
              PARAMETER           ( SHPLEN = 25 )

              INTEGER               TIMLEN
              PARAMETER           ( TIMLEN = 35 )

              INTEGER               LNSIZE
              PARAMETER           ( LNSIZE = 80 )

        C
        C     Local variables
        C
              CHARACTER*(CORLEN)    ABCORR
              CHARACTER*(BDNMLN)    INST
              CHARACTER*(LNSIZE)    LINE
              CHARACTER*(BDNMLN)    OBSRVR
              CHARACTER*(FRNMLN)    RFRAME
              CHARACTER*(BDNMLN)    TARGET
              CHARACTER*(TIMLEN)    TIMSTR ( 2 )
              CHARACTER*(SHPLEN)    TSHAPE

              DOUBLE PRECISION      CNFINE ( LBCELL : 2 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DEC
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DECEPC
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DECPM
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DECDEG
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DECDG0
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DTDEC
              DOUBLE PRECISION      DTRA
              DOUBLE PRECISION      ENDPT  ( 2 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      ET0
              DOUBLE PRECISION      ET1
              DOUBLE PRECISION      LT
              DOUBLE PRECISION      PARLAX
              DOUBLE PRECISION      PLXDEG
              DOUBLE PRECISION      POS    ( 3 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      PSTAR  ( 3 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RA
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RADEG
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RADEG0
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RAEPC
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RAPM
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RAYDIR ( 3 )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RESULT ( LBCELL : MAXWIN )
              DOUBLE PRECISION      RSTAR
              DOUBLE PRECISION      T
              DOUBLE PRECISION      TOL

              INTEGER               CATNO
              INTEGER               I
              INTEGER               J
              INTEGER               N

              LOGICAL               BAIL
              LOGICAL               RPT

        C
        C     Saved variables
        C
        C     The confinement and result windows CNFINE and RESULT are
        C     saved because this practice helps to prevent stack
        C     overflow.
        C
              SAVE                  CNFINE
              SAVE                  RESULT

        C
        C     Load kernels.
        C
              CALL FURNSH ( META )

        C
        C     Initialize windows.
        C
              CALL SSIZED ( 2,      CNFINE )
              CALL SSIZED ( MAXWIN, RESULT )

        C
        C     Insert search time interval bounds into the
        C     confinement window.
        C
              CALL STR2ET ( '2004 JUN 11 06:30:00 TDB', ET0 )
              CALL STR2ET ( '2004 JUN 11 12:00:00 TDB', ET1 )

              CALL WNINSD ( ET0, ET1, CNFINE )

        C
        C     Initialize inputs for the search.
        C
              INST   = 'CASSINI_ISS_WAC'
              TARGET = ' '
              TSHAPE = 'RAY'

        C
        C     Create a unit direction vector pointing from
        C     observer to star. We'll assume the direction
        C     is constant during the confinement window, and
        C     we'll use et0 as the epoch at which to compute the
        C     direction from the spacecraft to the star.
        C
        C     The data below are for the star with catalog
        C     number 6000 in the Hipparcos catalog. Angular
        C     units are degrees; epochs have units of Julian
        C     years and have a reference epoch of J1950.
        C     The reference frame is J2000.
        C
              CATNO  = 6000

              PLXDEG = 0.000001056D0

              RADEG0 = 19.290789927D0
              RAPM   = -0.000000720D0
              RAEPC  = 41.2000D0

              DECDG0 =  2.015271007D0
              DECPM  =  0.000001814D0
              DECEPC = 41.1300D0

              RFRAME = 'J2000'

        C
        C     Correct the star's direction for proper motion.
        C
        C     The argument t represents et0 as Julian years
        C     past J1950.
        C
              T      =      ET0/JYEAR()
             .         +  ( J2000()- J1950() ) / 365.25D0

              DTRA   = T - RAEPC
              DTDEC  = T - DECEPC

              RADEG  = RADEG0  +  DTRA  * RAPM
              DECDEG = DECDG0  +  DTDEC * DECPM

              RA     = RADEG  * RPD()
              DEC    = DECDEG * RPD()

              CALL RADREC ( 1.D0, RA, DEC, PSTAR )

        C
        C     Correct star position for parallax applicable at
        C     the Cassini orbiter's position. (The parallax effect
        C     is negligible in this case; we're simply demonstrating
        C     the computation.)
        C
              PARLAX = PLXDEG * RPD()
              RSTAR  = AU / TAN(PARLAX)

        C
        C     Scale the star's direction vector by its distance from
        C     the solar system barycenter. Subtract off the position
        C     of the spacecraft relative to the solar system
        C     barycenter; the result is the ray's direction vector.
        C
              CALL VSCLIP ( RSTAR, PSTAR )

              CALL SPKPOS ( 'CASSINI', ET0, 'J2000',  'NONE',
             .              'SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER', POS,  LT )

              CALL VSUB   ( PSTAR, POS, RAYDIR )

        C
        C     Correct the star direction for stellar aberration when
        C     we conduct the search.
        C
              ABCORR = 'S'
              OBSRVR = 'CASSINI'

        C
        C     Use a particularly short step size to make the progress
        C     report's updates visible.
        C
        C     Pass the step size (1 second) to the GF default step size
        C     put/get system.
        C
              CALL GFSSTP ( 1.D0 )

        C
        C     Set the convergence tolerance to 1 microsecond.
        C
              TOL = 1.D-6

        C
        C     Use progress reporting; turn off interrupt handling.
        C
              RPT  = .TRUE.
              BAIL = .FALSE.


              WRITE (*,*) ' '
              WRITE (*,*) 'Instrument:              '//INST
              WRITE (*,*) 'Star''s catalog number:  ', CATNO

        C
        C     Perform the search.
        C
              CALL GFFOVE ( INST,    TSHAPE,  RAYDIR,
             .              TARGET,  RFRAME,  ABCORR,  OBSRVR,
             .              TOL,     GFSTEP,  GFREFN,  RPT,
             .              GFREPI,  GFREPU,  GFREPF,  BAIL,
             .              GFBAIL,  CNFINE,  RESULT          )

              N = WNCARD( RESULT )

              IF ( N .EQ. 0 ) THEN

                 WRITE (*,*) 'No FOV intersection found.'

              ELSE

                 WRITE (*, '(A)' ) '  Visibility start time (TDB)'
             .    //               '           Stop time (TDB)'
                 WRITE (*, '(A)' ) '  ---------------------------'
             .    //               '     ---------------------------'

                 DO I = 1, N

                    CALL WNFETD ( RESULT, I, ENDPT(1), ENDPT(2) )

                    DO J = 1, 2
                       CALL TIMOUT ( ENDPT(J), TIMFMT, TIMSTR(J) )
                    END DO

                    LINE( :3) = ' '
                    LINE(2: ) = TIMSTR(1)
                    LINE(34:) = TIMSTR(2)

                    WRITE (*,*) LINE

                 END DO

              END IF

              WRITE (*,*) ' '
              END


        When this program was executed on a Mac/Intel/gfortran/64-bit
        platform, the output was:


         Instrument:              CASSINI_ISS_WAC
         Star's catalog number:          6000

        Target visibility search 100.00% done.

          Visibility start time (TDB)           Stop time (TDB)
          ---------------------------     ---------------------------
          2004-JUN-11 06:30:00.000000     2004-JUN-11 12:00:00.000000

Restrictions

     1)  The kernel files to be used by GFFOVE must be loaded (normally
         via the SPICELIB routine FURNSH) before GFFOVE is called.

Literature_References

     None.

Author_and_Institution

     N.J. Bachman       (JPL)
     J. Diaz del Rio    (ODC Space)
     L.S. Elson         (JPL)
     E.D. Wright        (JPL)

Version

    SPICELIB Version 1.0.2, 06-AUG-2021 (JDR)

        Edited the header to comply with NAIF standard.

        Modified code examples' output to comply with maximum line
        length of header comments. Updated Examples' kernels set to use
        PDS archived data. Added SAVE statements for CNFINE and RESULT
        variables in code examples.

        Updated description of RESULT argument in $Brief_I/O,
        $Detailed_Input and $Detailed_Output.

        Added entries #17 and #22 in $Exceptions section.

        Corrected reporting message in UDREPI description.

    SPICELIB Version 1.0.1, 17-JAN-2017 (NJB) (JDR)

        Fixed typo in second example program: initial letter
        "C" indicating a comment line was in lower case.

    SPICELIB Version 1.0.0, 15-APR-2009 (NJB) (LSE) (EDW)
Fri Dec 31 18:36:24 2021